When is restriction enzyme digestion used

A DNA segment, digested by a specific restriction enzyme , is cut into smaller DNA fragments of different sizes depending on the number and location of the recognition sites present within the DNA sequence.

The differently sized fragments can be separated by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Restriction Digestion is the process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces with special enzymes called Restriction Endonucleases sometimes just called Restriction Enzymes or RE's. In fact, all of the ingredients in a Restriction Digest are kept on ice until it's time for the reaction to begin. Restriction digestion is accomplished by incubation of the target DNA molecule with restriction enzymes - enzymes that recognize and bind specific DNA sequences and cleave at specific nucleotides either within the recognition sequence or outside of the recognition sequence.

How do you choose the right restriction enzyme? Design Choosing enzymes When selecting restriction enzymes, you want to choose enzymes that: Flank your insert, but do not cut within your insert. Are in the desired location in your recipient plasmid usually in the Multiple Cloning Site MCS , but do not cut elsewhere on the plasmid. What do restriction enzymes do in PCR? Restriction enzymes can also be used to generate compatible ends on PCR products.

In all cases, one or more restriction enzymes are used to digest the DNA resulting in either non-directional or directional insertion into the compatible plasmid. What does HindIII stand for? How many types of restriction enzymes are there? What is the source of restriction enzymes?

Bacterial species are the major source of commercial restriction enzymes. These enzymes serve to defend the bacterial cells from invasion by foreign DNA, such as nucleic acid sequences used by viruses to replicate themselves inside a host cell. What is restriction analysis of DNA?

A restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. These enzymes are called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, and they are able to cleave DNA molecules at the positions at which particular short sequences of bases are present. What determines how DNA will be cut by a restriction enzyme? Educating this will allow users to learn how to use R as an open source language for learning bioinformatics data processing.

Specifically, this lab will help analyse biological sequence data using simple R code snippets. Primarily, it is connected with neurobiology, psychology, neurology, clinical neurophysiology, electrophysiology, biophysical neurophysiology, ethology, neuroanatomy, cognitive science and other brain sciences. Various experiments will deal with the several parameters of Hodgkin-Huxley equations and will model resting and action potentials, voltage and current clamp, pharmacological effects of drugs that block specific channels etc.

This lab complements some of the exercises in the Virtual Neurophysiology lab. Modeling resting potentials in Neurons Modeling action potentials Modeling the delayed rectifier Potassium channels Modeling the sodium ion channel and its effects on neural signaling Current Clamp protocol Voltage Clamp Protocol Understanding Frequency-Current relationship Understanding first spike latency - current relationship Voltage-Current VI plot Effects of pharmacological blockers on action potential Biochemistry Virtual Lab I Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

It deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. The experiments included in Biochemistry Virtual Lab I are fundamental in nature, dealing with the identification and classification of various carbohydrates, acid-base titrations of amino acids, isolation of proteins from their natural sources, etc.

Population ecology is the study of populations especially population abundance and how they change over time. Crucial to this study are the various interactions between a population and its resources. Studies on simple models of interacting species is the main focus this simulation oriented lab. Studies based on models of predation, competition as seen in interacting species is the main focus this simulation oriented lab. Lab II focuses on applied principles of population ecology for PG students.

This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and, protists and prokaryotes. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.

Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are regulated. It includes the study of the structure and organization, growth, regulation, movements and interaction of the cells. Cell biology is closely related to other areas of biology such as genetics, molecular biology, and biochemistry.

This virtual lab is an introductory course for undergraduate students and deals with the storage and retrieval of data from different biological databases like Gene, Pubmed, GEO, TAIR, Prosite etc. The exercises mainly deal with the different algorithms in sequence alignment and provides a computational exploration to the use of various tools used for sequence alignment. This lab is targeted towards PG students with exercises that will allow one to learn visualising proteins in 3D, how to calculate distance among atoms, find active sites in protein structures and also delve into some structural analysis methods including docking and homology modeling.

Combining labs 1, 2 and 3 will give an overall understanding of commonly used computational methods in bioinformatics. Mathematical modeling and simulating of Biochemical network Import and simulate models from different databases To Import and simulate a model from the repository SBML-A markup language for mathematical models in systems biology using cell designer Creating and Visualizing a Simple Network Model Analysis of biological networks for feature detection Integrating Biological Networks and Microarray Expression data Analyzing the network by finding sub modules Computer-Aided Drug Design Virtual Lab This lab is for PG students on the various laboratory topics in computer-aided drug design.

Constructing computational model of a molecule Introducing Hydrogen atoms to a molecule Dihedral angle calculation of a molecule Energy minimization of a molecule Predict the structure of protein-Homology Modeling Drug-Receptor Interaction Absorption and Distribution Property Prediction in Drug Designing Process Toxicity prediction of a Molecule Ecology Virtual Lab Ecosystems are a complex and delicate balancing game. Ecosystems have an extremely complex web of cause and effect.

The addition or removal of one species affects many other species with which it might compete for,or provide food. The focus is on practical skills in using simple electronics to reinforce application of bio-inspired ideas.